When you need piles
Three triggers: trees within influencing distance (London Clay shrinkable soil + tree roots — NHBC tree guide), made ground or weak strata revealed by soil investigation, or where strip foundations would be uneconomic at depth >3m. London Clay sites in Wandsworth, Lambeth and Richmond often need piles where mature trees are present.
Pile types
Mini-piles 150–300mm diameter, 6–15m deep — fit through standard garden side access. Driven steel-cased: best for variable ground. CFA: large rigs, only viable on open-access sites. Screw piles: niche, used for lightweight extensions and timber-frame rears. Engineer selects based on soil investigation.
Hidden costs
Soil investigation £1,500–£3,500 (boreholes + lab tests). Engineer's piled foundation design £1,200–£2,800. Rig access prep (drive plates, gravel mat): £400–£900. Excavation of pile caps and ground beams: £1,800–£4,200. Total piling package typically 15–25% of structural budget.
